Bet Guvrin National Park

Roman and Crusader times.A rich diversity of Judean plains wildlife makes its home in the Bet Guvrin – Maresha National Park, enjoying the wide-open spaces and the additional food provided by the agricultural areas and settlements. Lebanon lizard (Phoenicolacerta laevis), Gunther's cylindrical skink (Chalcides guentheri), and the Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca).Bet Guvrin National Park lies in the transition area between the Mediterranean climate and the desert climate. In these conditions, small trees that are relatively resistant to aridity predominate, and in among them are shrubs and bushes. In the caliche rocks where more fertile soil develops and the water system is relatively improved, Dominican sage (Salvia dominica), sharp varthemia (Chiliadenus iphionoides), and spiny alkanet (Alkanna strigose) bushes dominate. In places where the caliche surface has been removed, mainly in the valleys and on the steep slopes, prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum) predominates. The settlement was destroyed in 40 BCE during the fight between the Hasmoneans and Herod. After the destruction, the community moved to nearby Bet Guvrin, where there was an important settlement in Roman and Byzantine times. On the ruins of this settlement, a small fortified town was built during the Crusader period. Maresha en Bet Guvrin vormen een “stad onder een stad”. Het is een selectie kunstmatige grotten, opgegraven uit de dikke homogene laag van zacht krijt in het Judese laagland. Onder de oude zustersteden van Maresha en Bet Guvrin bevinden zich kamers en netwerken met verschillende vormen en functies. De ondergrondse ruimtes functioneerden eerst als steengroeven, maar deze werden omgebouwd voor diverse landbouw- en ambachtsdoeleinden zoals oliepersen, columbaria (duiventillen), stallen, ondergrondse reservoirs en kanalen, baden, grafcomplexen en aanbiddingsplaatsen. Judean Lowlands of thick and homogeneous chalk sub-strata enabled numerous caves to be excavated and managed by Man. The property includes a very complete selection of chambers and man-made subterranean networks, of different forms and for different activities. Maresha and Bet Guvrin, and in the surrounding areas, constituting a “city under a city”. They bear witness to a succession of historic periods of excavation and use, over a period of 2,000 years. This authenticity is however relatively fragile, with the risk of infiltrations of water leading to possible collapse of the vaults. Maresha-Bet Guvrin National Archaeological Park has been in place now for many years and functions efficiently. Authority’s system of protection, which also covers most of the buffer zone. The regulations concerning this zone are completed by a National Forestry Plan and directives on the limitation of size and height of possible surrounding constructions. The conservation of cultural elements is guaranteed by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), and benefits from specialist assistance for highly technical issues such as the monitoring of the rocks forming the walls and vaults of the threatened caves. The tourism development project is based on a long-standing tradition and is well managed. Zephathan to Maresha" (Chronicles 2, 14:8-10).During the Persian period, after the destruction of the First Temple, Maresha and all of southern Judea was settled by Edomites, who came from the southeast. I additional, isolated Egyptians and few Jews lived there – refugees from the fall of the Temple and emigrants from the Coastal Plain. Thus was created the special fabric of society in this Hellenistic city, which was an important economic center. B.C.E., John Hyrcanus I, the Hasmonean, conquered Maresha and converted the residents of the city and its surroundings to Judaism. The upper and lower city became desolate ruins. Two aqueducts brought water from afar, and together with local waterworks, supplied the needs of the residents. Five highways, all marked with milestones, led to the city from various directions. Besides dwellings, the city boasted an amphitheater and public buildings. During the Byzantine period, Bet-Guvrin was an important center of Christianity with a number of churches. Exploration Fund. In 1902 Thiersch and Peters investigated the two Sidonian burial caves southeast of the Tel. In the Sixties and Seventies, surveys were carried out by the Israeli geographer Ben-Arieh and archaeologists Oren, Dagan, Kloner and others. Parking Lot B. After visiting a series of caves (6), we travel another 0.3 mile down the hillside to Parking Lot C and visit the painted Sidonian Cave. Returning to the car, we will ride another 0.9 mile to Parking Lot D and visit the Bell caves. Sidonian settlement for 33 years.  It was in use from the 3rd to the 1st centuries BC. The end of the cave is shaped like a bed and was the resting-place of the Sidonian patriarch.  Numerous other burial niches were carved on either side of the chamber. National Park is huge and within its boundaries are located the ancient cities of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin along with over 5,000 caves. National Park.A friend invited me to travel with her to “Dig for a Day”. Since I had never done any archaeological digging I jumped at the chance and have been thanking her ever since because it was an opportunity of a lifetime. On arrival, I wondered why we had come. There didn’t seem to be anything there. But that was the amazing thing about this site. Everything of interest is underground. The thin layer makes an ideal roof for a cave and the soft layer is easy to cut and remove. In the 10th century an Arab historian wrote of Bet-Guvrin: “It is a land of richness and plenty, and in it are marble quarries…” The stone blocks cut out by the quarrymen were raised and removed from the cave by means of ropes. Our leader was interesting and enthusiastic. She has been digging in Bet Guvrin-Maresha for 25 years.

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